# Measurements VM-HDD-Disks ## ZFS Configuration 3 wide RAIDZ/RAID5, special device mirror (metadata), ZIL log NVMe ``` zfs-2.2.7-pve2 zfs-kmod-2.2.7-pve2 pool: VM-HDD-Disks state: ONLINE scan: scrub repaired 0B in 17:37:35 with 0 errors on Sun Mar 9 18:01:36 2025 config: NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM VM-HDD-Disks ONLINE 0 0 0 raidz1-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 ata-ST12000NM001G-2MV103_ZS806SKT ONLINE 0 0 0 ata-ST12000NM001G-2MV103_ZL21YC1S ONLINE 0 0 0 ata-ST12000NM0008-2H3101_ZHZ4LWL0 ONLINE 0 0 0 special mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0 ata-INTEL_SSDSC2KG960GZ_BTYJ338402MK960BGN ONLINE 0 0 0 ata-INTEL_SSDSC2KG960GZ_BTYJ338402NL960BGN ONLINE 0 0 0 logs dm-uuid-LVM-Ed1I3RZLtMWgFzYEYQWHmrPVqtsMqYxcv2rfldJeYl0YnqO0e4F4hSO1UK27dBHJ ONLINE 0 0 0 NAME PROPERTY VALUE SOURCE VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 type filesystem - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 creation Sat Mar 29 23:17 2025 - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 used 89.3G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 available 111G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 referenced 89.3G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 compressratio 1.24x - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 mounted yes - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 quota none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 reservation none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 recordsize 128K default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 mountpoint /VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 sharenfs off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 checksum on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 compression on inherited from VM-HDD-Disks VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 atime on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 devices on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 exec on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 setuid on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 readonly off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 zoned off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 snapdir hidden default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 aclmode discard default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 aclinherit restricted default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 createtxg 1745713 - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 canmount on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 xattr sa local VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 copies 1 default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 version 5 - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 utf8only off - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 normalization none - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 casesensitivity sensitive - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 vscan off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 nbmand off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 sharesmb off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 refquota 200G local VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 refreservation none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 primarycache all default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 secondarycache all default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 usedbydataset 89.3G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 logbias latency default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 objsetid 67133 - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 dedup off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 mlslabel none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 sync standard default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 dnodesize legacy default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 refcompressratio 1.24x - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 written 89.3G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 logicalused 111G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 logicalreferenced 111G - VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 volmode default default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 filesystem_limit none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 snapshot_limit none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 filesystem_count none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 snapshot_count none default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 snapdev hidden default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 acltype posix local VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 relatime on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 redundant_metadata all default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 overlay on default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 encryption off default VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 special_small_blocks 64K local VM-HDD-Disks/subvol-113-disk-1 prefetch all default ``` ## Direct * large file, small writes: ca. 250 IOPS (Disks) `iops : min= 34, max= 358, avg=256.90, stdev=16.70, samples=477` * small file, small writes: ca. 413k IOPS (RAM, async writes) `iops : min=391884, max=421246, avg=413054.47, stdev=1192.75, samples=476` * small file, small writes, --fsync=1: ca. 3400 IOPS (NVMe/SSD, sync writes) `iops : min= 1910, max= 4776, avg=3462.39, stdev=191.88, samples=476` NFS usually uses sync writes. ``` IOPS-write: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [w(4)][100.0%][w=996KiB/s][w=249 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=53311: Mon Mar 31 22:53:08 2025 write: IOPS=256, BW=1028KiB/s (1052kB/s)(60.4MiB/60132msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=7, max=430036, avg=15553.41, stdev=20371.38 clat (usec): min=6, max=1070.4k, avg=480135.61, stdev=138489.39 lat (msec): min=215, max=1070, avg=495.69, stdev=140.38 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 317], 5.00th=[ 351], 10.00th=[ 368], 20.00th=[ 393], | 30.00th=[ 414], 40.00th=[ 430], 50.00th=[ 447], 60.00th=[ 464], | 70.00th=[ 485], 80.00th=[ 510], 90.00th=[ 600], 95.00th=[ 869], | 99.00th=[ 961], 99.50th=[ 978], 99.90th=[ 1011], 99.95th=[ 1028], | 99.99th=[ 1053] bw ( KiB/s): min= 136, max= 1432, per=99.93%, avg=1027.62, stdev=66.80, samples=477 iops : min= 34, max= 358, avg=256.90, stdev=16.70, samples=477 lat (usec) : 10=0.03% lat (msec) : 250=0.02%, 500=76.67%, 750=14.71%, 1000=8.41%, 2000=0.16% cpu : usr=0.05%, sys=0.45%, ctx=14272, majf=0, minf=47 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.2%, 16=0.4%, 32=99.2%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,15450,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=1028KiB/s (1052kB/s), 1028KiB/s-1028KiB/s (1052kB/s-1052kB/s), io=60.4MiB (63.3MB), run=60132-60132msec IOPS-write-s: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [w(4)][100.0%][w=1623MiB/s][w=416k IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write-s: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=53358: Mon Mar 31 22:54:08 2025 write: IOPS=413k, BW=1613MiB/s (1691MB/s)(94.5GiB/60002msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=6, max=27440, avg= 7.84, stdev= 8.13 clat (nsec): min=1483, max=3674.3k, avg=300827.73, stdev=16636.22 lat (usec): min=8, max=27764, avg=308.67, stdev=18.78 clat percentiles (usec): | 1.00th=[ 285], 5.00th=[ 289], 10.00th=[ 289], 20.00th=[ 293], | 30.00th=[ 293], 40.00th=[ 293], 50.00th=[ 297], 60.00th=[ 297], | 70.00th=[ 302], 80.00th=[ 306], 90.00th=[ 314], 95.00th=[ 326], | 99.00th=[ 371], 99.50th=[ 383], 99.90th=[ 420], 99.95th=[ 445], | 99.99th=[ 529] bw ( MiB/s): min= 1530, max= 1645, per=100.00%, avg=1613.49, stdev= 4.66, samples=476 iops : min=391884, max=421246, avg=413054.47, stdev=1192.75, samples=476 lat (usec) : 2=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.01%, 100=0.01%, 250=0.01% lat (usec) : 500=99.98%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01% cpu : usr=16.85%, sys=83.08%, ctx=2413, majf=0, minf=45 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,24778203,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=1613MiB/s (1691MB/s), 1613MiB/s-1613MiB/s (1691MB/s-1691MB/s), io=94.5GiB (101GB), run=60002-60002msec IOPS-write-s: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [w(4)][100.0%][w=13.9MiB/s][w=3571 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write-s: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=53642: Mon Mar 31 23:01:58 2025 write: IOPS=3455, BW=13.5MiB/s (14.2MB/s)(810MiB/60001msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=7, max=460, avg=12.45, stdev= 4.02 clat (usec): min=951, max=206164, avg=35885.64, stdev=22487.02 lat (usec): min=968, max=206179, avg=35898.09, stdev=22487.24 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 26], 5.00th=[ 26], 10.00th=[ 27], 20.00th=[ 27], | 30.00th=[ 27], 40.00th=[ 27], 50.00th=[ 28], 60.00th=[ 29], | 70.00th=[ 29], 80.00th=[ 38], 90.00th=[ 53], 95.00th=[ 103], | 99.00th=[ 122], 99.50th=[ 178], 99.90th=[ 203], 99.95th=[ 203], | 99.99th=[ 205] bw ( KiB/s): min= 7640, max=19104, per=100.00%, avg=13849.55, stdev=767.50, samples=476 iops : min= 1910, max= 4776, avg=3462.39, stdev=191.88, samples=476 lat (usec) : 1000=0.01% lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.02%, 20=0.03%, 50=86.37% lat (msec) : 100=8.09%, 250=5.48% fsync/fdatasync/sync_file_range: sync (msec): min=3, max=93767k, avg=1847.24, stdev=411987.63 sync percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 27], 5.00th=[ 27], 10.00th=[ 27], 20.00th=[ 28], | 30.00th=[ 28], 40.00th=[ 28], 50.00th=[ 29], 60.00th=[ 30], | 70.00th=[ 30], 80.00th=[ 40], 90.00th=[ 55], 95.00th=[ 104], | 99.00th=[ 123], 99.50th=[ 182], 99.90th=[ 205], 99.95th=[ 205], | 99.99th=[ 207] cpu : usr=0.43%, sys=3.03%, ctx=414534, majf=0, minf=49 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=199.9%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,207316,0,207196 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=13.5MiB/s (14.2MB/s), 13.5MiB/s-13.5MiB/s (14.2MB/s-14.2MB/s), io=810MiB (849MB), run=60001-60001msec ``` * large file, large writes: ca. 1890 MiB/s (Disks, starves) `bw ( MiB/s): min= 9, max= 4147, per=100.00%, avg=1890.35, stdev=361.83, samples=104` * large file, large writes, --fsync=1: ca. 215 MiB/s (Disks, high stddev) `bw ( KiB/s): min=40980, max=829440, per=99.06%, avg=216350.45, stdev=34031.22, samples=476` * small file, large writes: ca. 8400 MiB/s (NVMe/SSD) `bw ( MiB/s): min= 2092, max= 9335, per=99.06%, avg=8472.71, stdev=201.91, samples=476` ``` IOPS-write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [W(4)][100.0%][w=1864MiB/s][w=1863 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=54143: Mon Mar 31 23:15:08 2025 write: IOPS=406, BW=406MiB/s (426MB/s)(24.1GiB/60877msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=115, max=8273.0k, avg=9440.09, stdev=235906.05 clat (usec): min=9, max=8667.4k, avg=304834.10, stdev=1303425.91 lat (msec): min=16, max=8668, avg=314.27, stdev=1323.50 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 20], 5.00th=[ 22], 10.00th=[ 23], 20.00th=[ 25], | 30.00th=[ 27], 40.00th=[ 29], 50.00th=[ 31], 60.00th=[ 34], | 70.00th=[ 36], 80.00th=[ 40], 90.00th=[ 53], 95.00th=[ 1435], | 99.00th=[ 7819], 99.50th=[ 8288], 99.90th=[ 8658], 99.95th=[ 8658], | 99.99th=[ 8658] bw ( MiB/s): min= 9, max= 4147, per=100.00%, avg=1890.35, stdev=361.83, samples=104 iops : min= 6, max= 4147, avg=1889.65, stdev=361.89, samples=104 lat (usec) : 10=0.01%, 20=0.01% lat (msec) : 20=2.71%, 50=86.75%, 100=3.41%, 250=1.08%, 500=0.02% lat (msec) : 750=0.01%, 1000=0.49%, 2000=2.01%, >=2000=3.51% cpu : usr=3.69%, sys=4.19%, ctx=40593, majf=0, minf=46 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.3%, 32=99.5%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,24728,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=406MiB/s (426MB/s), 406MiB/s-406MiB/s (426MB/s-426MB/s), io=24.1GiB (25.9GB), run=60877-60877msec IOPS-write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (W) 1024KiB-1024KiB, (T) 1024KiB-1024KiB, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [W(4)][100.0%][w=190MiB/s][w=190 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=54259: Mon Mar 31 23:18:07 2025 write: IOPS=213, BW=213MiB/s (224MB/s)(12.5GiB/60014msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=104, max=35746, avg=265.87, stdev=626.42 clat (msec): min=13, max=2716, avg=580.48, stdev=324.43 lat (msec): min=13, max=2716, avg=580.74, stdev=324.41 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 138], 5.00th=[ 144], 10.00th=[ 159], 20.00th=[ 232], | 30.00th=[ 567], 40.00th=[ 600], 50.00th=[ 625], 60.00th=[ 651], | 70.00th=[ 684], 80.00th=[ 709], 90.00th=[ 726], 95.00th=[ 760], | 99.00th=[ 2467], 99.50th=[ 2567], 99.90th=[ 2635], 99.95th=[ 2635], | 99.99th=[ 2702] bw ( KiB/s): min=40980, max=829440, per=99.06%, avg=216350.45, stdev=34031.22, samples=476 iops : min= 40, max= 810, avg=211.26, stdev=33.23, samples=476 lat (msec) : 20=0.03%, 50=0.08%, 100=0.35%, 250=20.99%, 500=2.00% lat (msec) : 750=70.84%, 1000=3.23%, 2000=1.03%, >=2000=1.45% fsync/fdatasync/sync_file_range: sync (msec): min=48, max=94736k, avg=30486.37, stdev=1682403.65 sync percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 142], 5.00th=[ 150], 10.00th=[ 165], 20.00th=[ 239], | 30.00th=[ 592], 40.00th=[ 617], 50.00th=[ 651], 60.00th=[ 676], | 70.00th=[ 709], 80.00th=[ 726], 90.00th=[ 743], 95.00th=[ 776], | 99.00th=[ 2567], 99.50th=[ 2635], 99.90th=[ 2735], 99.95th=[ 2802], | 99.99th=[17113] cpu : usr=1.41%, sys=2.79%, ctx=30119, majf=0, minf=46 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.2%, 16=0.5%, 32=198.1%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,12800,0,12680 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=213MiB/s (224MB/s), 213MiB/s-213MiB/s (224MB/s-224MB/s), io=12.5GiB (13.4GB), run=60014-60014msec IOPS-write-s: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 128KiB-128KiB, (W) 128KiB-128KiB, (T) 128KiB-128KiB, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.33 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [W(4)][100.0%][w=8896MiB/s][w=71.2k IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write-s: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=53916: Mon Mar 31 23:08:53 2025 write: IOPS=68.4k, BW=8553MiB/s (8968MB/s)(496GiB/59435msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=10, max=4097, avg=13.98, stdev=17.68 clat (nsec): min=831, max=183134, avg=1011.48, stdev=405.83 lat (usec): min=11, max=4107, avg=14.99, stdev=17.74 clat percentiles (nsec): | 1.00th=[ 868], 5.00th=[ 884], 10.00th=[ 892], 20.00th=[ 900], | 30.00th=[ 916], 40.00th=[ 924], 50.00th=[ 932], 60.00th=[ 948], | 70.00th=[ 972], 80.00th=[ 1004], 90.00th=[ 1160], 95.00th=[ 1368], | 99.00th=[ 2448], 99.50th=[ 2736], 99.90th=[ 5472], 99.95th=[ 7264], | 99.99th=[10560] bw ( MiB/s): min= 2092, max= 9335, per=99.06%, avg=8472.71, stdev=201.91, samples=476 iops : min=16742, max=74682, avg=67781.66, stdev=1615.31, samples=476 lat (nsec) : 1000=78.37% lat (usec) : 2=19.94%, 4=1.55%, 10=0.12%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.01% lat (usec) : 100=0.01%, 250=0.01% cpu : usr=52.18%, sys=38.05%, ctx=47779, majf=0, minf=45 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,4066760,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=8553MiB/s (8968MB/s), 8553MiB/s-8553MiB/s (8968MB/s-8968MB/s), io=496GiB (533GB), run=59435-59435msec ``` * large file, small writes: 7 ms - 230 ms (Disks) `lat (usec): min=9, max=233541, avg=7005.35, stdev=8208.20` * small file, small writes: ca. 7 us `lat (usec): min=7, max=236, avg= 7.85, stdev= 1.05` ``` IOPS-write: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1 fio-3.33 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][w=548KiB/s][w=137 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=54699: Mon Mar 31 23:30:35 2025 write: IOPS=142, BW=571KiB/s (584kB/s)(33.4MiB/60006msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=9, max=233535, avg=7003.18, stdev=8207.58 clat (nsec): min=641, max=49263, avg=2172.48, stdev=2057.69 lat (usec): min=9, max=233541, avg=7005.35, stdev=8208.20 clat percentiles (nsec): | 1.00th=[ 700], 5.00th=[ 780], 10.00th=[ 828], 20.00th=[ 1208], | 30.00th=[ 1640], 40.00th=[ 1784], 50.00th=[ 1832], 60.00th=[ 1880], | 70.00th=[ 2008], 80.00th=[ 2320], 90.00th=[ 3440], 95.00th=[ 5088], | 99.00th=[ 8896], 99.50th=[14528], 99.90th=[25984], 99.95th=[33536], | 99.99th=[49408] bw ( KiB/s): min= 192, max= 848, per=99.87%, avg=570.76, stdev=132.77, samples=119 iops : min= 48, max= 212, avg=142.69, stdev=33.19, samples=119 lat (nsec) : 750=2.58%, 1000=10.41% lat (usec) : 2=56.51%, 4=22.76%, 10=6.87%, 20=0.62%, 50=0.26% cpu : usr=0.09%, sys=0.93%, ctx=7523, majf=0, minf=9 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,8562,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=571KiB/s (584kB/s), 571KiB/s-571KiB/s (584kB/s-584kB/s), io=33.4MiB (35.1MB), run=60006-60006msec IOPS-write-s: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1 fio-3.33 Starting 1 process Jobs: 1 (f=1): [w(1)][100.0%][w=428MiB/s][w=110k IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write-s: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=54745: Mon Mar 31 23:31:35 2025 write: IOPS=111k, BW=434MiB/s (455MB/s)(25.4GiB/60001msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=6, max=235, avg= 7.19, stdev= 1.00 clat (nsec): min=611, max=57498, avg=653.88, stdev=218.22 lat (usec): min=7, max=236, avg= 7.85, stdev= 1.05 clat percentiles (nsec): | 1.00th=[ 620], 5.00th=[ 628], 10.00th=[ 628], 20.00th=[ 628], | 30.00th=[ 628], 40.00th=[ 644], 50.00th=[ 644], 60.00th=[ 644], | 70.00th=[ 644], 80.00th=[ 644], 90.00th=[ 652], 95.00th=[ 732], | 99.00th=[ 852], 99.50th=[ 932], 99.90th=[ 1832], 99.95th=[ 5792], | 99.99th=[ 9408] bw ( KiB/s): min=429576, max=452824, per=100.00%, avg=444288.81, stdev=4681.27, samples=119 iops : min=107394, max=113206, avg=111072.22, stdev=1170.28, samples=119 lat (nsec) : 750=95.66%, 1000=3.99% lat (usec) : 2=0.27%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.06%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.01% lat (usec) : 100=0.01% cpu : usr=17.49%, sys=82.50%, ctx=481, majf=0, minf=11 IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,6662036,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=434MiB/s (455MB/s), 434MiB/s-434MiB/s (455MB/s-455MB/s), io=25.4GiB (27.3GB), run=60001-60001msec ``` ## NFS 10GB * large file, small writes: `iops : min= 16, max= 384, avg=301.21, stdev=20.70, samples=478` * small file, small writed: `iops : min= 3044, max= 5952, avg=4664.82, stdev=154.45, samples=480` ``` IOPS-write: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.28 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [w(4)][100.0%][w=1416KiB/s][w=354 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=1521489: Tue Apr 1 00:01:54 2025 write: IOPS=300, BW=1201KiB/s (1230kB/s)(70.8MiB/60350msec); 0 zone resets slat (usec): min=2, max=16486, avg=10.54, stdev=172.69 clat (msec): min=29, max=1058, avg=426.06, stdev=148.93 lat (msec): min=29, max=1058, avg=426.07, stdev=148.92 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 317], 5.00th=[ 334], 10.00th=[ 342], 20.00th=[ 355], | 30.00th=[ 363], 40.00th=[ 372], 50.00th=[ 380], 60.00th=[ 388], | 70.00th=[ 401], 80.00th=[ 430], 90.00th=[ 514], 95.00th=[ 894], | 99.00th=[ 978], 99.50th=[ 995], 99.90th=[ 1028], 99.95th=[ 1036], | 99.99th=[ 1045] bw ( KiB/s): min= 64, max= 1536, per=100.00%, avg=1204.94, stdev=82.81, samples=478 iops : min= 16, max= 384, avg=301.21, stdev=20.70, samples=478 lat (msec) : 50=0.06%, 100=0.06%, 250=0.18%, 500=88.50%, 750=3.56% lat (msec) : 1000=7.19%, 2000=0.46% cpu : usr=0.03%, sys=0.09%, ctx=18310, majf=0, minf=44 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.2%, 16=0.4%, 32=99.3%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,18124,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=1201KiB/s (1230kB/s), 1201KiB/s-1201KiB/s (1230kB/s-1230kB/s), io=70.8MiB (74.2MB), run=60350-60350msec IOPS-write-s: (g=0): rw=randwrite, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=32 ... fio-3.28 Starting 4 processes Jobs: 4 (f=4): [w(4)][100.0%][w=17.2MiB/s][w=4394 IOPS][eta 00m:00s] IOPS-write-s: (groupid=0, jobs=4): err= 0: pid=1523614: Tue Apr 1 00:04:34 2025 write: IOPS=4658, BW=18.2MiB/s (19.1MB/s)(1094MiB/60104msec); 0 zone resets slat (nsec): min=1693, max=583438, avg=3840.63, stdev=2322.46 clat (usec): min=1146, max=180128, avg=27467.80, stdev=17714.52 lat (usec): min=1157, max=180132, avg=27471.73, stdev=17714.55 clat percentiles (msec): | 1.00th=[ 18], 5.00th=[ 21], 10.00th=[ 22], 20.00th=[ 22], | 30.00th=[ 23], 40.00th=[ 23], 50.00th=[ 24], 60.00th=[ 24], | 70.00th=[ 25], 80.00th=[ 26], 90.00th=[ 27], 95.00th=[ 92], | 99.00th=[ 99], 99.50th=[ 105], 99.90th=[ 176], 99.95th=[ 178], | 99.99th=[ 180] bw ( KiB/s): min=12176, max=23808, per=100.00%, avg=18659.27, stdev=617.79, samples=480 iops : min= 3044, max= 5952, avg=4664.82, stdev=154.45, samples=480 lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=4.00%, 50=90.84% lat (msec) : 100=4.50%, 250=0.65% cpu : usr=0.32%, sys=0.74%, ctx=272757, majf=0, minf=52 IO depths : 1=0.1%, 2=0.1%, 4=0.1%, 8=0.1%, 16=0.1%, 32=100.0%, >=64=0.0% submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.1%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0% issued rwts: total=0,280013,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0 latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=32 Run status group 0 (all jobs): WRITE: bw=18.2MiB/s (19.1MB/s), 18.2MiB/s-18.2MiB/s (19.1MB/s-19.1MB/s), io=1094MiB (1147MB), run=60104-60104msec ```